| Fossil solid fuels | Biomass solid fuels | Waste-derived solid fuels |
| Non-coking (thermal) coal — bituminous/sub-bituminous grades used in boilers, kilns, sponge-iron DRI units, captive power. | Firewood/wood logs & wood chips — small boilers, kilns, dryers. | Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) / Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) — cement kilns, waste-to-energy boilers. |
| Lignite — widely used in boilers and small power plants (e.g., ceramics, textiles, food processing). | Charcoal (wood/coconut-shell) — foundries, metallurgy, small industrial heating. | Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF) — shredded tyres in cement/lime kilns. |
| Metallurgical coke (met coke / hard coke, incl. LAM coke & foundry coke) — high-carbon fuel/reductant for iron & steel, foundries. | Agricultural-residue briquettes — rice husk, sawdust, groundnut/coconut shells, mustard/soy stalks, corn cobs, etc.; common in textiles, food, bricks. | Processed industrial solid wastes (e.g., dried paint sludge, packaging residues) — co-processing in cement kilns per permits. |
| Coke breeze — fine coke fractions for sintering and smaller furnaces. | Biomass pellets (non-torrefied) — industrial boilers and co-firing. | —- |
| Petroleum coke (petcoke; green/raw for fuel; calcined mostly non-fuel/anodes) — cement kilns, lime/calcination; subject to local emission rules. | Torrefied biomass pellets (“bio-coal”) — higher energy density; boilers and co-firing applications. | —- |
| Coal/lignite briquettes — densified low-grade coal or fines for small and medium boilers. | Bagasse — sugar mills’ cogeneration and process steam; also sold to nearby industries when surplus. | —- |
| —- | Palm kernel shells / imported biomass residues — used by some cement/textile units where available. | —- |
Disclaimer: Views and opinions expressed here are personal. This commentary is for information purposes only and not an offer or a solicitation to sell or buy any physical commodities or financial instruments. The views and analysis are based on reliable public information available at the time of writing. This report and its content cannot be copied, redistributed or reproduced in part or whole without the prior written permission of petrobazaar.com
